biology online

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookintro.html#Characteristics of living thing

biology online

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookTOC.html

host-virus interaction

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103039/download/module2.pdf

virus structure

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Carbohydrates/Virus

CHIKUNGUNYA

http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya

science bio text

http://biowiki.ucdavis.edu/

chemistry techniques

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques

wikitexts chemistry

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts

Lehninger Nelson Cox Principles of Biochemi ebook http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/content1.htm

http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/content1.htm http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/content1.htm

Biological chemistry ebook chemwiki

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistryhttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/

virology material immunology

http://www.nlv.ch/Virologytutorials/Immunology.htmhttp://www.nlv.ch/Virologytutorials/Immunology.htmhttp://www.nlv.ch/Virologytutorials/Classification.htmhttp://www.nlv.ch/Virologytutorials/Classification.htm

Biological chemistry chapters power point presentations e Book

http://210.42.35.80/G2S/Template/View.aspx?courseId=502&topMenuId=145108&action=view&type=1&name=&menuType=1&curfolid=145199

virus entry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKoZfHLQu5M

virus 3D

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67ays2ZYr48

chikumgumya, dengue, SARS,

http://www.cdc.gov/sars/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/
http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/

cdc

www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/polio

HIV REPLICATION CYCLE

Credit: NIAIDhttp://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/Biology/pages/hivreplicationcycle.aspx

HIV Replication Cycle Glossary

CD4 – a large glycoprotein that is found on the surface of helper T cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Its natural function is as a co–receptor that assists the T cell receptor (TCR) to activate its T cell following an interaction with an antigen presenting cell. CD4 is a primary receptor used by HIV–1 to gain entry into host T cells.
Co–receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) – protein molecules on the surface of lymphocytes or monocytes that bind to the gp120 protein of HIV and facilitate, usually with CD4, entry of viral nucleic acid and proteins into the cell.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – is a nucleic acid that contains the molecular basis of heredity for all known living organisms and some viruses and is found in the nuclei and mitochondria of eukaryotes. Chemically DNA consists of two polymer strands of units called nucleotides made up of one of four possible bases plus sugar and phosphate groups. The polymers are joined at the bases by hydrogen bonds to form a double helix structure.
Fusion of virus and cell membranes – a merging of cell and virus membranes that permits HIV proteins and nucleic acids to enter the host cell.
Genomic RNA – the nucleic acid that contains all of the hereditary information of a virus, and is found in a mature virion.
gp120 – an HIV glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 120 that protrudes from the outer surface of the virion. This glycoprotein binds to a CD4 receptor on a T cell to facilitate entry of viral nucleic acid and proteins into the cell.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – is a lentivirus and a member of the retrovirus family. HIV infects and destroys helper T cells of the immune system causing a marked reduction in their numbers. Loss of CD4 cells leads to generalized failure of the immune system and susceptibility to life threatening opportunistic infections.
Integrase – An enzyme found in retroviruses including HIV that permits the viral DNA to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell.
Preintegration complex (PIC) – It is composed of viral RNA and proteins (nucleocapsid, p6, Vpr, integrase, and matrix) as well as some host proteins. It functions to reverse transcribe genomic RNA into double stranded DNA prior to integration into the host genomic DNA.
Protease – an enzyme that hydrolyzes or cuts proteins and is important in the final steps of HIV maturation.
Nucleus – a membrane enclosed cellular organelle of eukaryotes that functions to contain the genomic DNA and to regulate gene expression.
Reverse transcriptase – an enzyme found in HIV that creates double stranded DNA using viral RNA as a template and host tRNA as primers.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) – a nucleic acid that differs from DNA in that it contains ribose and uracil as structural components.
RNA virus – a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material and belongs to either Group III, IV, or V of the Baltimore Classification System of Viruses. HIV belongs to Group III, double stranded RNA viruses.
Virion – a single and complete extracellular infective form of a virus that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat or "envelope".

1. HIV binds to CD4 cell surface molecules, entry into the cell also requires binding to co-receptorsCXCR4 and CCR5). This step can be inhibited by fusion/entry inhibitors.
2. HIV is uncoated inside the cell and reverse transcriptase copies genomic RNA into DNA, making errors at a frequence of about one per replication cycle. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors were the first class of HIV inhibitors to be used as drugs.
3. Viral DNA can integrate into DNA and become a part of the cellular genome. This step makes the infection irreversible, and may mean that eliminating the virus from an infected individual is not possible. Integrase inhibitors are designed to block this step of infection.
4. The virus uses cellular machinery to synthesize viral proteins. Several of these are long amino acid chains which must be cleaved by a specific viral protease before new viral particles can become active. Protease inhibitors block viral maturation at this step.

1. HIV binds to CD4 cell surface molecules, entry into the cell also requires binding to co-receptorsCXCR4 and CCR5). This step can be inhibited by fusion/entry inhibitors.
2. HIV is uncoated inside the cell and reverse transcriptase copies genomic RNA into DNA, making errors at a frequence of about one per replication cycle. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors were the first class of HIV inhibitors to be used as drugs.
3. Viral DNA can integrate into DNA and become a part of the cellular genome. This step makes the infection irreversible, and may mean that eliminating the virus from an infected individual is not possible. Integrase inhibitors are designed to block this step of infection.
4. The virus uses cellular machinery to synthesize viral proteins. Several of these are long amino acid chains which must be cleaved by a specific viral protease before new viral particles can become active. Protease inhibitors block viral maturation at this step.
   1. HIV binds to CD4 cell surface molecules, entry into the cell also requires binding to co-receptorsCXCR4 and CCR5). This step can be inhibited by fusion/entry inhibitors.
   2. HIV is uncoated inside the cell and reverse transcriptase copies genomic RNA into DNA, making errors at a frequence of about one per replication cycle. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors were the first class of HIV inhibitors to be used as drugs.
   3. Viral DNA can integrate into DNA and become a part of the cellular genome. This step makes the infection irreversible, and may mean that eliminating the virus from an infected individual is not possible. Integrase inhibitors are designed to block this step of infection.
   4. The virus uses cellular machinery to synthesize viral proteins. Several of these are long amino acid chains which must be cleaved by a specific viral protease before new viral particles can become active. Protease inhibitors block viral maturation at this step.

WOMEN HEALTH

http://www.cellsalive.com/hiv0.htm


https://www.womenshealth.gov/hiv-aids/opportunistic-infections-and-other-conditions/https://www.womenshealth.gov/hiv-aids/opportunistic-infections-and-other-conditions/

human diseases caused by viruses

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Human-Diseases-Caused-by-Viruses.aspx
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Human-Diseases-Caused-by-Viruses.aspx

vinayaka vigneshwar venkateshwara vranjaneyam vivekananda

Vigneshwara Vranjaneya Venkateshwara

god wishes

God help those people who  help others without expecting anything.

virus

 





1. Structure of the virus particle
FIGURE: Relative shapes, sizes, and structures of some representative plant viruses.
(A)Flexuous thread-like virus.
(B)Rigid rod-shaped virus. (B-1) Side arrangement of protein subunits (PS) and nucleic acid (NA) in viruses A and B. (B-2) Cross-section view of the same viruses. HC, hollow core.
(C)Short, bacillus-like virus. (C-1) Cross-section view of such a virus. (D)Isometric polyhedral virus. (D-1) Icosahedron representing the 20-sided symmetry of the protein subunits of the isometric virus. (E)Geminivirus consisting of twin particles. ( online information )